Xenoestrogens are chemicals from outside the body that can mimic the hormone estrogen. Most are synthetic, and they belong to a wider group called endocrine disruptors, which may affect hormonal balance.
Xenoestrogens are found in a range of everyday products and in the environment. Examples studied by researchers include bisphenol A (BPA) in some plastics and can linings, some pesticides, certain industrial chemicals and some ingredients in personal care products. Some definitions also include natural plant compounds, although these are usually called phytoestrogens.
The body's own estrogen works by binding to estrogen receptors in cells. Xenoestrogens can bind to the same receptors and send a weaker or different signal, or block the natural hormone. Because hormones act at very small amounts, scientists study whether long-term, low-level exposure matters.
The evidence on xenoestrogens and human health is still developing. Studies have looked at possible links with fertility, early puberty and some hormone-sensitive conditions, but results are mixed and many questions are open. Regulators in different countries set limits on some of these chemicals.
Some people choose to limit exposure, for example by not heating food in plastic containers. Anyone worried about hormonal symptoms should speak to a GP rather than rely on detox products.
Sources: WHO, NIEHS (NIH).
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