Estrogen is a group of hormones that regulates the menstrual cycle and reproductive health. It is made mainly in the ovaries and also supports bones, the heart, the skin and other tissues.
Estrogen guides puberty, including breast development, and helps control the menstrual cycle. In the first half of the cycle, rising levels thicken the lining of the uterus and help prepare the body for ovulation. The hormone also helps keep bones strong, supports vaginal and urinary tissues, and plays a part in heart health, mood and skin.
The body makes three main types. Estradiol is the main form during the reproductive years. Estriol rises during pregnancy, and estrone is the main form after menopause. Men also make small amounts of estrogen, which play a part in bone health and fertility.
Estrogen levels fall naturally during perimenopause and menopause. Low levels can lead to hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, sleep problems and changes in mood. Over time, lower levels also raise the risk of bone thinning. Levels can be low for other reasons too, such as very intense exercise, low body weight or some medical conditions. A doctor can check hormone levels with a blood test if needed.
Symptoms linked to falling estrogen, such as hot flashes, poor sleep and trouble concentrating, can make the working day harder. Simple adjustments may help, including control over room temperature, a desk fan, flexible start times and time off for medical appointments. A doctor can explain treatment options, including hormone therapy.
Sources: MedlinePlus, ACOG, WHO.
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