Tubal ligation is a permanent method of birth control in which the fallopian tubes are blocked, sealed or cut. It stops eggs from meeting sperm, so pregnancy is very unlikely afterwards.
Tubal ligation is usually done as keyhole surgery (laparoscopy) under general anesthesia. The surgeon makes small cuts in the belly and closes the tubes with clips or rings, or by sealing or cutting them. Sometimes the tubes are removed completely. The operation can also be done during a cesarean section. Most people go home the same day.
Female sterilization is more than 99% effective. Pregnancy after the procedure is rare, but if it does happen there is a higher chance it is an ectopic pregnancy. Doctors usually advise using contraception until the next period after the operation. Sterilization does not protect against sexually transmitted infections, so condoms are still needed for that.
Tubal ligation is meant to be permanent. Reversal surgery is sometimes possible but often does not work, and it is rarely available through public health services. For this reason, doctors talk the decision through carefully and explain long-acting reversible options, as well as vasectomy for a partner.
Recovery from the operation is usually fairly quick. Mild pain, tiredness and some vaginal bleeding are common for a few days. Many people return to work within a few days to a week, depending on their job and how they feel. Physical jobs may need a little longer, and a gradual return can help.
Sources: NHS, MedlinePlus, ACOG.
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