Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper female reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. It is often caused by sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhea.
Bacteria that travel up from the vagina and cervix cause PID. Sexually transmitted infections are the most common cause, but bacteria that normally live in the vagina can also be responsible. The risk is higher after a previous episode of PID, and shortly after procedures that open the cervix, such as having an IUD fitted.
Some people with PID have no symptoms. Others notice pain in the pelvis or lower tummy, deep pain during sex, heavy or painful periods, bleeding between periods or after sex, and unusual vaginal discharge. Severe pain, a high temperature or feeling very unwell needs urgent care.
Antibiotics are the main treatment for PID, and starting them early improves the chance of a full recovery. A doctor or sexual health clinic will usually also recommend that recent sexual partners are tested and treated. Untreated PID can lead to long-term pelvic pain, fertility problems and a higher risk of ectopic pregnancy.
Regular testing for sexually transmitted infections and using condoms with new partners can lower the chance of infections that lead to PID. Getting symptoms checked quickly by a GP or sexual health clinic is important, as early treatment helps avoid complications.
Sources: NHS, MedlinePlus, ACOG.
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