A miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy before the baby can survive outside the womb. In the US this means before 20 weeks of pregnancy; in the UK, the NHS uses 24 weeks. Most miscarriages happen in the first 12 weeks.
Most early miscarriages happen because the pregnancy is not developing normally, often due to chromosome problems. A miscarriage is very rarely caused by anything the person did. Working, exercise, sex and mild stress do not usually cause miscarriage. Some health conditions and older age can raise the risk.
Vaginal bleeding is the most common sign. It can range from light spotting to heavy bleeding with clots. Cramping or pain in the lower tummy and discharge of fluid or tissue can also happen. Bleeding in early pregnancy does not always mean a miscarriage, but it should always be checked by a doctor, midwife or early pregnancy unit.
A doctor will explain the options. Some people wait for the pregnancy to pass naturally, some take medicine and others have a minor procedure such as dilation and curettage (D&C). Physical recovery is often quick, but grief can last much longer. Support is available from GPs, midwives, counselors and pregnancy loss charities.
A miscarriage affects people in very different ways. Time off, a gradual return, private space and a manager who checks in kindly can help. Partners may also need time and support.
Sources: ACOG, NHS, MedlinePlus.
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